HOCOL asume control de Chuchupa y Ballena: Historia

Gas Natural
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Desde el primero de mayo de 2022, HOCOL, filial de la estatal Ecopetrol, se hizo al control de los campos de gas natural Chuchupa y Ballena en La Guajira, mediante la adquisición de la participación de la multinacional CHEVRON. 

Por: AMYLKAR ACOSTA*        

El 3 de mayo de 1974 se firmó el contrato de Asociación, el primero en su género, entre Ecopetrol y Texas Petroleum Company, para la exploración y explotación del gas natural en La Guajira.

El interés en el gas natural se despierta a raíz de la crisis energética que causó el embargo petrolero por parte de los miembros árabes de la OPEP a los países aliados de Israel, a raíz de la guerra del Yom Kippur en octubre de 1973. Hasta entonces el gas había sido considerado en la industria petrolera un estorbo, era menospreciado, por eso se quemaba en las teas de los campos en explotación.

Alfonso López Michelsen (1974 – 1978), a raíz del hallazgo de importantes reservas de gas natural que albergaban los campos de Ballena, Chuchupa y Riohacha afirmó emocionado, “yo creo que ha sido una bendición para Colombia haber encontrado estos pozos de gas”.

Y así fue, porque este hallazgo se da en vísperas de que Colombia perdiera la autosuficiencia petrolera por espacio de una década (1975–1985). El presidente López inauguró la estación de Ballena el 12 de agosto de 1977 y ese mismo día inauguró el gasoducto de Promigas, que empezó a transportar 225 millones de pies cúbicos diarios desde los campos de La Guajira hasta Mamonal en Cartagena.

En diciembre de 2004 vencía el contrato de Asociación Ecopetrol – Texaco y en cumplimiento del mismo debía revertir a Ecopetrol dichos campos con todas sus instalaciones y facilidades para ser operados a partir del 1º de enero de 2005 por la estatal petrolera. En diciembre de 2002, según las proyecciones de la Unidad de Planeación Minero Energética (UPME), se requería optimizar la producción de gas en Chuchupa para expandirla y así atender el mayor apetito del mercado doméstico y la demanda del Estado Zulia (Venezuela).

Ya para entonces se habían construido el gasoducto Ballena – Barrancabermeja y la segunda plataforma de Chuchupa, gracias al debate que adelantamos en el seno de la Comisión V del Senado para hacerlo posible.

Por aquellas calendas las reservas remantes con las que se contaba se cifraban en 2,7 terapiés cúbicos (TPC). Para escalar la producción se debía adelantar un proyecto denominado de producción incremental, al cual se le dio el pomposo nombre de Catalina. Este consistía en perforar 4 pozos horizontales, los primeros con esta técnica en el país, y otras obras conexas, para lo cual había que invertir US$144.3 millones.

El margen de maniobra que tenía el Gobierno estaba limitado por el Acuerdo extendido que había firmado con el FMI en diciembre de 2002 y aduciéndose que, aunque Ecopetrol tenía caja para ejecutar directamente el proyecto Catalina, por ser en ese momento una empresa industrial y comercial del Estado y por lo tanto hacía parte de las cuentas nacionales, no contaba con el espacio fiscal para hacer dicha inversión. Se optó, entonces, por permitir que la hiciera el socio Texaco, y por esta vía se extendió la vigencia del contrato de Asociación, impidiendo que se hiciera efectiva la reversión que ya era inminente. A ello conllevó la firma del contrato de “producción incremental” Catalina el 8 de febrero de 2003.

Al examinar los términos de ese contrato, el Contralor General de la República Antonio Hernández Gamarra, de cuyo equipo hice parte como asesor, encontró que el mismo era lesivo para el país y demandó de parte del presidente de la República Álvaro Uribe Vélez su intervención para reversarlo.

El presidente Uribe le pidió un concepto a la Sala de Consulta del Consejo de Estado, el cual terció a favor del contralor Gamarra y ello dio lugar a una renegociación de dicho contrato, mejorando los términos a favor de la Nación. Se introdujo, por primera vez en un contrato petrolero en Colombia una cláusula de precios altos, de tal suerte que siempre que el precio marcador del gas natural superara el precio base se incrementara la participación de Ecopetrol.

Ahora, gracias a una negociación de Ecopetrol con Chevron, su razón social desde el 4 de junio de 2003, su filial HOCOL adquirió la participación del 43% del socio, asumiendo la operación de los yacimientos. A las 0 horas del 1º de mayo pasado se hizo al control de las operaciones de los campos gasíferos en La Guajira, con una capacidad de 175 millones de pies cúbicos diarios (MMPCD) y de paso se posiciona para los futuros desarrollos de los nuevos prospectos offshore.

*Exministro de Minas y Energía y miembro de número de la ACCE.

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